Relationships Refers To Bonds Between Two Or More People,

Relationships refers to bonds between two or more people, this can be romantic, friendly, family or work related. People seek relationships because they must fulfill their needs. One of our basic needs is to feel secure. We feel secure and safe when we are with someone, for example, at night I don’t like to be alone because I feel unsafe but when I’m with someone this feeling disappears it just gives you a sensation of safeness. Also, people may decide to form relationships because of a common interest, they might be studying the same subject or pursuing the same goals in life so united their probability of making it are greater. Another factor can be love, the need of physical touch or the need of affection can be factors of forming†¦show more content†¦The second reason is that it helps us connect with the other person, it builds trust and it shows we care, overall, everybody wants to be heard. The third reason is that it is more likely that the other person will listen to us and will approve are message. In Venezuela, there is a dictatorship running the country â€Å"Chavismo† and this has ruined this rising developing country. Hugo Chavez governed the country since 1990’s until his death since then he has done everything that he thinks it’s right and by doing so has silent the voices of the Venezuelans. The country is currently governed by his successor Nicolas Maduro and the situation has gone worst, the country can’t even afford hospitals with the essential medical supplies. Maduro follows the same strategies as Chavez not listening to anybody and just doing what he thinks is right for the country. Venezuela could have been a strong country if it hadn’t been for Chavez lack of listening skills. Listening means not just understanding the message, but also understanding the emotions of the speaker. In ordinary listening we hear the words and thinking Where do I agree? Where do I disagree? and What am I going to say in response? In simple terms the spotlight is on us and not in the speaker, however, in real listening the spotlight is on the speaker, we put our self in their shoes, we just don’t listen to the words inShow MoreRelated Developmental Psychology Essay examples918 Words   |  4 Pages Developmental psychology is concerned with how our cognitions, emotions and behaviour change as we grow with age and experience. Babies, only a few months old develop close bonds called attachment bonds with some people in particular. These people are able to settle the child, if upset, more easily than others and the baby will become upset if separated from the attachment object for too long. There has been a big debate in psychology over the precise role the mother Read MoreThe family Debate: A Brief History1032 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Blood is thicker than water† and â€Å"Family before friends† are two common ideas related to the idea of family vs. friends. 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Maximilien Robespierre, Leader of the French Revolution

â€Å"Europe cannot conceive of life without Kings and nobles; and we cannot conceive of it with them. Europe is lavishing her blood to preserve her chains, whereas we are lavishing ours to destroy them†(Maximilien Robespierre). For centuries upon centuries, the monarchal system had dominated European life. The very nature of this method of rule incited rebellious feelings, as a definite imbalance of power was present. Understandably, people under this system had risen against authority. The glorious nation of France was no exception. The eighteenth century brought about a great deal of economic and social turmoil. By the end of this one hundred year period, rebellion had been talked about by many citizens for quite some time. However,†¦show more content†¦The personal rebellions of Maximilien Robespierre took many forms, as did those of the French Revolution, but no specific act of rebellion is perhaps best remembered by history or best associated with his ha nd than the execution of the oppressive Monarchy itself. The main problem in France at the time of the French Revolution was money management. The monarchy was wasting funds on exorbitant palaces and individual pleasures. They also invested a ton of money into the American Revolution, money that they had not yet gotten back. These managerial mishaps of the Monarchy manifested themselves in such forms as utter and widespread destitution among the people, and starvation among the least fortunate of the country’s inhabitants. In some cases, the repair of the economy would have been trusted to the ruling classes to fix, but Robespierre, along with many others, realized that nothing would change unless a change in leadership accompanied it. The feelings of many were embodied by this conclusion delivered by Robespierre in the National Assembly: â€Å"It is with regret that I pronounce a fatal truth: Louis ought to perish rather than a hundred thousand virtuous citizens; Loui s must die that the country may live†(Maximilien Robespierre). It so passed that French (Mangan 4) citizen Louis Capet, (formerly knownShow MoreRelated Maximilien Robespierre of France is One of the Worlds Greatest Leaders1119 Words   |  4 PagesWhat makes an effective leader? Just because a leader is good doesn’t mean they’re effective and just because a leader is effective doesn’t mean they’re good. Maximilien Robespierre was one of the leaders of France that had a firm grip over the whole country as head of the Committee of Public Safety. 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Segovia History of Modern France Dr. Rosamond Hooper-Hamersley April 11, 2015â€Æ' Maximilien Robespierre also known as â€Å"the Incorruptible†, is regarded as one of the most notorious figures of the French Revolution. He became involved in the Revolution in 1789, after he was elected into the Third Estate in the Estates General. He strongly advocated against tyranny but that would all change after he gained leadership of the Committee of PublicRead MoreQuotes About Bob Dylan828 Words   |  4 Pagesfar. A person who would agree with this quote would be Maximilien de Robespierre because he believed that democracy would not fix the government only and someone who would disagree with this quote would be Charlotte Corday. Charlotte Corday was a figure of the French Revolution. 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What impact did the Vikings have on North Britain free essay sample

Shortly before the ninth century, North-west Europe was exposed to raids and attacks from the Scandinavians. They had discovered the wealth that could be obtained from the richer communities of Britain and Frankia, both in currency and natural resources (the latter being found especially in Ireland). As time went on, during the course of the ninth century, the leaders of the attacks on these countries grew more ambitious and soon there were different motives for raiding these places. Many leaders had become content to stay and settle permanently in these abundantly richer countries. This process of Viking settlement led to the integration of two cultures, between the peoples of the settled countries and the Vikings, this integration enveloped languages and religion mainly. This essay will seek to distinguish what impact the Scandinavian settlement had on the region of North Britain, in particular Scotland and the islands surrounding the coast of Scotland. Firstly to be able to fully assess what impact was had, one firstly must look at the nature of society and settlement before the Scandinavian invasion. By the end of the Roman occupation in Britain, the area that we now call Scotland consisted of many different Kingdoms. There were four distinct groups within the borders that are now Scotland. In the east were the Picts with Kingdom between Forth and Shetland. While in the West the people of Dal Riata, the Goidelic speakers, with their royal fortress in Argyll. Then there were the Brythonic peoples in the South making the Kingdom of Strathclyde with their centre being Dunbarton Rock and finally the English or Angles who settled in the South East. At the beginning of the Viking raids into North Britain the region had been divided into four ethnic groups of Britons, English, Gaels and Picts. Or rather three distinct political regions, Northumbria, Pictland and Strathclyde, into which further there were a multitude of various kingships and lordships, creating a somewhat complex web of power during this time. Eventually it would come down between the Gaels and Picts, were power was regularly disputed between the two. However by the 8th Century the distinctiveness of the two peoples had clearly lessened, bloodlines had been diluted by marriage in what one assumes were attempts at bridging peace or gaining pre-eminence over the other. Unfortunately the records of much of early Scottish History are not written, with many lost or destroyed, which  can make a survey of pre-Viking Scotland somewhat difficult. There is little to no written evidence between the Seventh Century text of Adamnan’s Life of Columba and Tactitus’ account of Agricola, leaving around five centuries of history in the dark. Despite this we are still able to make fair assumptions due to details and evidence in various different texts including the Orkneyinga Saga and Irish and English annals and chronicles. However it is still important to treat these texts with care considering the Norse Saga was written by an unknown Icelandic scribe while the annals and chronicles are susceptible to certain bias. One of the most often popular citations from the Anglo Saxon Chronicle; an entry under 793, â€Å"This year came dreadful fore-warnings over the land of the Northumbrians, terrifying the people most woefully: these were immense sheets of light rushing through the air, and whirlwinds, and fiery, dragons flying across the firmament. These tremendous tokens were soon followed by a great famine: and not long after, on the sixth day before the ides of January in the same year, the harrowing inroads of heathen men made lamentable havoc in the church of God in Holy-island, by rapine and slaughter. † The extract describing the Viking raid on Lindisfarne; this is often considered the opening deluge into Viking attacks in Britain. In 795 the Vikings sacked Iona, in 802 they burned it and in 806 they killed sixty eight of the community living on the island. This was the first attack in close proximity to Scotland. They’re had been previous attacks on other areas such as Lindisfarne and Rechru which is now Rathlin Island off the north coast of Antrim, as it is recorded in the Annals of Ulster, â€Å"The burning of Rechru by the heathens, and Sci was overwhelmed and laid waste. † Again the Annals of Ulster mention the abruptness of â€Å"the devastation of all the islands of Britain by pagans†. Soon after, Orkney, Shetland and the majority of the western Isles had fallen to the new Scandinavian settlers. In 839, the Vikings had enjoyed a major victory in which the King of Fortriu, Eogan mac Oengusa and the King of Dal Riata, Aed mac Boanta were both killed in battle. In 867 the Vikings had seized control of Northubria forming the Kingdom of York . Which is also mentioned in the Annals of Ulster; â€Å"The dark foreigners won a battle over the northern Saxons at York. † Approximately three years after, Dunbarton was also taken over as well, leaving a newly combined Pictish and Gaelic kingdom which had been brought together by Cinead mac Alpin ( or more commonly known as Kenneth Alpin), leaving the Kingdom almost entirely encircled by the new Scandinavian settlers The usual perception of Vikings plays reference to their role mainly as raiders, being disruptive and destructive. However conquerors and colonists made a more positive contribution by encouraging commerce, the growth of towns and re-shaping political structures. We can see this by the fact that much of North England had been reshaped due to the formation of Danelaw. During the 890’s the Danes had even introduced a new currency within Danelaw. The impact of the Viking commerce that took place in towns and cities within Danelaw should not go un-noticed; cities such as York remained for centuries after a place of importance in terms of trade and wealth. The fact that they introduced new coinages shows the impact that they had on the politics of the areas they settled and similarly the law codes that they issued in the names of King Edgar and King Knut, would suggest that they did have a greater impact than what the lack of evidence would suggest. Further north in Britain, areas may have experienced different levels of influence such as the Orkneys or the Hebrides, unlike most other areas of Scotland, land was not fertile and offered little in means of agriculture, however these Eastern Isles of Scotland had fertile lands, landscapes conducive to farming and more than not, the new Scandinavian settlers most likely helped to exploit this. The Norse presence heavily influenced Scotland’s language. Undoubtedly the gaelic language more than like must have undergone minor changes throughout the centuries preceding the arrival of the Norse settlers. The Norse domination of the Hebrides lasted for almost 500 years, until the conclusion of the Treaty of Perth in 1266, and the Scandinavian language probably did not drop out of use altogether in the area until nearly the sixteenth century. While in Orkney and the Shetlands remained under the control of the Scandinavians until they were pledged in 1468-69 by King Christian I of Denmark to the Scottish crown, and the Scandinavian language remained until as late as the eighteenth century. However the native languages of the Northern Isles underwent a complete Norse transformation. Despite this, the gaelic language in the end did prevail, but the Norse dominance can still be seen today, particularly in places names, such as on the Isle of Lewis where four fifths of the place names are Norse. It is slightly harder to determine the extent to which the Vikings influenced religion in North Britain, or where they themselves were influenced by religion. The Viking impact is assumed to be damaging, but in order to fully understand this we would need to have a clear idea on what the pre-existing structures, in this case, the Church were already like. Indeed many Viking studies have made assumptions about the social nature and political practices in Viking Scotland (which may need to be revised). However it may be a fair assumption to make, that like in many other areas throughout Britain, the Vikings had quickly accepted Christianity and therefore a parallel may be able to be drawn in such places like Scotland also. The Viking settlement in the North may have accidently played an early role in the creation of modern day Scotland or Alba. Where previsously before the land had been divided between Picland, Strathclyde and Dal Riata. The new settlers almost acted as a catalyst in uniting these separate Kingdoms together against a common enemy – the Norse. The extent of the Viking impact in North Britain is still today a largely unanswered one, the lack of written evidence from the area adds to making the task harder. However based on other evidence from sources of the same time such as the Annals of Ulster or the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles one can gain a fair idea of the impact which was had. The fact that the islands of Orkney and the Hebrides remained under Viking control for a such a long period of time is a clear marker of the impact which was had. To add to this is he linguistic impression on place names in North Britain still stands today as evidence of what was once a Scandinavian dominated area and culture as well.

The Disease of Autism

Introduction Autism is mental disorder disease that affects the development of a child’s ability. The disease is manifested in children in their first three years after birth.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Disease of Autism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The disorder is characterized by impaired communication, social interaction and repetitive or restricted behaviors among the sufferers. As such, the problem affects information processing in a child’s brain leading to problems in organizing and making connections between different things and events. This is one of the disorders in the autism spectrum (ASDs) apart from Asperger syndrome and pervasive developmental disorder-Not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) (Krebs, Mike, and Richard 23). However, despite these, mental diseases such as Autism Spectrum are not as problematic as one may think as they can be treated. Mental Disease Defini tion Autism us a neural development disorder that affects children below the age of three years. The disease affects the brain of a child hampering information processing. This, therefore results to impairment of social interaction and affects communication. A child is also faced with a problem or repetitive behaviors. Complications The disorder results into speech retardation, impairment of social interactions and display of repetitive behaviors. The disorder sometimes may be complicated and challenging to deal with it on its own. These complications make it complex for treatment programs. Some of the complications of the disorder include sensory problems as a person suffering from this disorder may be sensitive to sensory input which at sometimes are painful ad discomforting (Mental Disorders para. 6). These problems may also fail to respond to react to pain, heat, and cold. Seizures is another common complications and usually begins in young children with the disorder. Others inc lude tuberculosis sclerosis which causes tumor to grow in the organs like brain, mental retardation includigng fragile x syndrome, a common mental retardation problem exhibited in males. Others include aggression, digestion problems and not common eating or sleeping habits among children. Types There are different types of autism that have been recognized in the autism spectrum (ASDs); autism, Asperger syndrome which is exhibited in young children. The children lack or delay in their language and cognitive development. The third type is the pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) (Morrison 45). This is only diagnosed when the other two disorders; autism and Asperger have not been metAdvertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Autism Spectrum Definition Autism spectrum is a developmental disability that is caused by an abnormality in brain. People suffer ing from this disorder have difficulty with communication and social interactions. Origin The word autism came into limelight in 1938 when Hans Asperger adopted the terminology of Blurter’s of autistic psychopaths during his lecturer on child psychology in Germany. He was investigating on the ASD now Asperger syndrome. The word in his 1943 reports called infantile autism Kanner used the word in reference to children who exhibited striking behavioral similarities. However, the words became widely used and known as a separate diagnosis in 1981. Types There are a number of types of this disorder. This includes autistic disorders or classic autism, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified or atypical autism, Rett syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder and Asperger syndrome. Asperger Syndrome Definition This is one type of autism and has some slight difference with autism. People suffering from this disorder have a problem in their language development. The la nguage is either lacking, or delays or is deviance (Frey and Kathleen 3). They further lack cognitive delays and in most cases they develop an obsession in one topic of interest or activity. Other symptoms related with these disorders include inappropriate social behaviors, uncoordinated/clumsy poor movements, peculiarity in their speech and language, repetitive routines and many others. Origin The disorder is one of the new diagnoses of the autism. The disorder is named after Asperger Hans (1906-1980) a psychiatrist and pediatrician from Australia. The disorder or the term was recognized in formal manuals of diagnostics in 1990s. Effects Because of these, disorders, people suffering from this disorder have problems with interacting/associating with others. There, language and speech is impaired, have impaired social behaviors among many other characteristics that enable their interaction impossible. Rett Syndrome Definition It is a neuro-developmental disease that affects the grey matter in the brain of a person. This disorder appears in females only (Ishmael 5). The disorder is characterized by a number of deficits after the child is born. On its onset, the disorder is associated with decreased growth of head, the child losses the hand skills. The disorder also results to loss of language and social engagement and lastly there is also poor physical coordination.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Disease of Autism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Origin The syndrome is named after its discoverer Dr. Rett Andreas in 1983. He noted that children with the syndrome normally developed well between their first 6-18months of their development. Effects The people that suffer from this disorder are at risk of developing gastrointestinal disorders. Most of them also suffer from seizures and have nonverbal skills. Other effects of the disorder are constipation and growth failures that may be a problem to the lives of the individual. Pervasive Development Disorder Definition This is a pervasive disorder that is exhibited among children. It affects the cognitive ability of children hampering effective social interactions and communication (Frey 32). In this disorder, its signs are visible in babies but can only be diagnosed after the child reaches four years. Origin Pervasive development disorder is one of disorder on the autism spectrum. Its origin is associated with a Swiss psychiatrist Blueler Eugene in 191. The concept since then has developed by other psychiatrics and pediatricians who carried out researches and investigations such as Kanner. Effects The disorders affect the social functioning skills of children. For instance, a child may be very eager in interacting with friends or classmates but may act socially different from the main stream peers hence making un genuine connections (Samuels 31) They also have a problem with understanding figurative languages/ speech and sarcasm. They also does not speak at the recommended age and their speeches is repetttive Detection Lack of social skills Children or individual suffering autism are detected from their behaviors. One of the aspects that is used to identify these people is their lack of social skills. These infants show no or less attention to social stimuli in their environment. For instance, they rarely smile, they are shy and look at others less, and they are known to respond less to their names. These children are also less talkative and will not form relationships with others. Speech Complications Speech complications are yet another way of detecting the disorders among children. Differences in speech may be evidence for the first year after their birth. This may include unusual gestures, delayed beginning of bubbling, and diminished responses, unsynchronized vocal patterns that do not resonate to their caregivers. These children often repeat same words because of the lapses in their nerves hence affecting their speech.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More No eye contact These children have impaired social interactions behaviors. For instance, they cannot sustain an eye contact because of their disorders. They also have less turn taking and cannot use simple movements as a way of expression such as pointing at something that they may want. This disorder is a result of the mental lapse that halts effective coordination of the child. Effects Dependent on other People suffering from this disorder cannot support themselves for their own upkeep. They therefore have to depend on caregivers to provide them with basic needs and help them in per taking their day-to-day lives. They cannot sustain themselves because of the lapses in their mental ability. Lack of friends Because of the stigma and lack of enough sensitization, people suffering from these disorders are alienated. They lack friends because of their conditions that is perceived to be abnormal. Therefore, this widens the gap between them and the mainstream society making such people t o be looked upon as being of no value to the society. Lack of full education Most of children suffering from this disorder are not taken to school by their parents. This is because of social stigma that the society has attached to the mental health problems (Autism- a Developmental Issue, Not a Curse [interview para. 5). Parents and caregivers, hide the children, hindering them from being provided with health care. This therefore, affects the children as they canto access to education in their condition. Treatment No known cure Discovering or learning that your child has an autism spectrum disorder can be an overwhelming experience to caregivers and parents. Even though, despite the efforts and research, still there is no known cure for the disorder. However, certain treatments and education programmes/approaches maybe used in reducing the challenges that are associated with the problem. For instance, use of interventions in reducing/lessening disruptive behaviors and educating on s elf-help which allow for independence may play a significant role in containing the prevalence of the disorder. No real treatment No single treatment is effective in treating people on the spectrum. However, people should use positive aspects of their conditions for their own benefits (â€Å"Autism.† Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection para. 5). Nevertheless, treatment needs to begin at an early stage and be tailored to the person’s /child unique weaknesses, needs and strengths. Behavioral and educational approaches can be used; communication, sensory and other interventions can be used. Furthermore, biomedical treatments such as addition of minerals and vitamins, immune systems, modification of diet, immune system regulations, gut treatments among many others. Research/Public Awareness CDC campaigns Many people are not aware of the autism disorders. Ignorance is one of the factors that have led to increased cases of late identification of the disorders. Therefore, i t is important that campaigns and sensitization campaigns are done to inform the public on the disorders and where they can get treatment and education. Center of Disease control and Prevention (CDC) campaigns have helped to greater height in educating and sensitizing the public on the disorders (Samuels 6). The centre has played an important role through educating the public through seminars and workshops around the globe. Autism Awareness Month (April) Autism awareness month is normally in April. During the month, the public is sensitized about the disease. Various media are used such as television, radio, internet among many others. Parents are mostly targeted as they are the ones who stay with their children more. Coping with Autism/Autistic Family Member Influence on siblings The disorder has negative influence on children as well as the parents and the general family members. Therefore, coping with the disorder is a difficult experience in most of the families with such cases. Sibling rivalry One of the challenges is witnessed among the siblings. There is always a tendency of children to demonstrate rivalry between themselves and this often leads to conflicts among them. There is down look on other siblings that have these disorders by those that are normal. Sibling relationships The relationship among children in a family with children suffering from this disorder varies from family to family. Some children will be supportive and offer assistance to their fellow colleagues while others will show resentment and will always distance away from them. Therefore, this may lead to negative relationships in the family between the siblings. Influence on parents Parents play an important role in ensuring that children with these disorders are well taken care off. Therefore, their support is important. Stress between parents Many parents with children with such problem are often stressed. It is an incidence that is not expected by them. Therefore, they are agonize d with the problem and in most of times, they blame one another. This incident may result to a conflict making the relationship to break. It is also a stressful situation that makes the parents to hide their children under carpet for fear of stereotype from society. Divorce, separation, or improved marriages The disorder may also lead to either divorce, or may improve the marriage of the parents depending on different circumstances. Many people will not want to be associated with the problem hence as a way of de-linking from the problem or for fear of ridicule by the society they may decide to divorce or separate (How to Solve Three Puzzles para. 5). Furthermore, the increase in the resources and expenses in maintaining/supporting the children compels many parents to separate. However, other parents may unite and support each other in ensuring that the child with the disorder is well maintained and provided with the necessary requirements. Extended Family Effects/Influence Extended families are also faced with these problems. In this setting, children are not accorded the attention that is required because of the increased responsibility of maintain others. Many children with these disorders may not receive the required attention hence making them suffer more. Nuclear families may provide the support as opposed to the extended families. Conclusion Autism like any other disorder should be accorded the attention that is deserved. The conditions can be discovered in early life of a child. Proper treatments and diagnosis is important. Parents and caregivers should be aware of the required treatment and diagnosis to provide early medication. Health groups should ensure that there is enough sensitization and awareness campaigns to inform the parents on the disorder. This will help in reducing the rates of the disorder. Furthermore, parents need to support their children by providing them with the requisite needs. Works Cited â€Å"Autism- a Developmental Issue, Not a Curse [interview].† Africa News Service 13 Dec. 2011. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. â€Å"Autism. Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection. Gale, Cengage Learning†, 2010. Gale Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 14 Feb. 2012. Frey, Rebecca.â€Å"Pervasive Developmental Disorders.† The Gale Encyclopedia of Genetic Disorders. Ed. Brigham Narins. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 2005. 1007-1010. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. Frey, Rebecca, and Kathleen, Fergus. â€Å"Asperger Syndrome.† The Gale Encyclopedia of Genetic Disorders. Ed. Brigham Narins. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 2005. 113 116. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. â€Å"How to Solve Three Puzzles.† Newsweek 21 Jan. 2008: 64. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. Ishmael, Holly. â€Å"Rett Syndrome.† The Gale Encyclopedia of Genetic Disorders. Ed. Brigham Narins. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 2005. 1114-1116. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. W eb. Krebs, Mindy, Mike, McDaniel, and Richard, Neeley. â€Å"The Effects of Peer Training on the Social Interactions of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders.† Education 131.2 (2010): 393+. Gale Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. â€Å"Mental Disorders.† Current Issues: MacMillan Social Science Library. Detroit: Gale, Cengage Learning, 2010. Web. Morrison, Erin. â€Å"A Review of Research on the Use of Weighted Vests with Children on the Autism Spectrum.† Education 127.3 (2007): 323+. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. Samuels, Christina.â€Å"CDC Campaign Focuses on Autism Awareness.† Education Week 2 Mar. 2005: 4. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. This research paper on The Disease of Autism was written and submitted by user Maxton Merritt to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Definition and Examples of Interrupting Phrases

Definition and Examples of Interrupting Phrases Its a playful device favored by bloggers, diarists, and (woo hoo!) the staff writers at Entertainment Weekly. But nowget ready for itthe interrupting phrase is popping up in more formal kinds of writing as well. Unlike appositives and conventional modifiers, which rename or qualify other words in a sentence, the contemporary interrupter is a (nerd alert) metadiscursive trick. The writer pauses to address the reader directly and signal her feelings about the news shes reporting. Consider these examples from a recent issue of EW: Not only does Amanda have anxiety attacks tonight, but Ella tries to beyucksweet.Travesty: Wilhelmina has a perforated ulcer. Bigger travesty: At the hospital she has abrace yourselfroommate.Tara barely had time to register that Franklin would still be alivehooray!before Sookie had her and Alcide helping to wrap Bill in a tarp so they could move him.The press release (its real!): Peter Yarrow of Peter Paul and Mary teams up with CBS to release The Colonoscopy Song. The interrupter can be the verbal equivalent of a wink, a smirk, or a smack to the forehead. It may be a single word (usually an interjection), a lengthy clause, oryou guessed itsomething in between. You can slip one in parenthetically (like this), or use dashes to call attention to it cowabunga!like that. But this intrusive maneuver isnt limited to the pop-culture press. One sign of the convergence of journalism and blogging is the growing presence of interrupters in upscale newspapers: Cash funds offered by the Pru (named Cash Haven Trust, would you believe?) and Clerical Medical also lost money because they were exposed to mortgage debt.(Paul Farrow, Good Fund Investors Must Look Beyond the Name. The Daily Telegraph [UK], August 16, 2010)So lets beat back this unnecessary, unfair andlets not mince wordscruel attack on working Americans. Big cuts in Social Security should not be on the table.(Paul Krugman, Attacking Social Security. The New York Times, August 15, 2010)No such problemhooray!at the Tories forthcoming party conference, which promises a Pride dinner in Birmingham followed by a disco at Nightingales, Brums premier gay nightclub.(Stephen Bates, Diary. The Guardian [UK], August 11, 2010)Ironically, Odgen Jr. was the only one of the five children who got to live the life he wanted. (He was also the only one to marryhappily, go figureto a wealthy railroad widow who left him a huge fortune when she died six years after the wedding in 1910.)(Yvonne Abraham, A House Full of Tales. The Boston Globe, August 1, 2010) Along with the crafty use of fragments, contractions, and the pronouns I and you, interrupters can add a more conversational, down-home flavor to our prose. But as with any potentially distracting device (teacher is talking), lets not overwork them.

Quotes Showing Why Anakin Skywalker Turned Evil

Quotes Showing Why Anakin Skywalker Turned Evil If you are a Star Wars fan, you have probably read up everything about Anakin Skywalker and Darth Vader. Darth Vader is one of the most popular sci-fi villains. The transformation of pristinely good and golden Anakin Skywalker into the dark and dangerous Darth Vader is interesting. So what makes Anakin Skywalker, the most powerful Jedi, turn evil? Who Is Anakin Skywalker? Anakin Skywalker, the hero, once worshiped by the Jedi Order becomes a victim of his circumstance. His love for his wife Padme Amidala becomes his undoing. He turns to the dark side when he realizes that it was the only way he can save his beloved wife from dying. After a vicious battle with the Jedi led by his mentor Obi-Wan Kenobi, Anakin is left badly injured. He is saved by Palpatine, his Jedi mentor who is secretly a Sith Lord. Of course, Palpatines motives are to use Anakin against the Jedi Order, as he wants to manipulate Anakin Skywalkers strengths and weaknesses. The Rise of Darth Vader Lord Palpatine turns Anakin Skywalker into the dark and deadly Darth Vader for his selfish pursuits. Darth Vader rises like a phoenix with his mind filled with hatred for the Jedi. He becomes the oppressor and tyrant that fills the Jedi with trepidation. Darth Vader, the ruthless slayer of Jedi younglings, is a victim of political vendetta. He is an agent of evil with a heart of goodness. What Can You Learn From Anakin Skywalkers Character? Anakin Skywalkers complex personality makes him one of the most popular characters in sci-fi movies. The two faces of Anakin Skywalker and Darth Vader remind us that it is good and evil in every one of us. It is your choice to be what you want to be. You can blame your circumstances for your misdeeds. Or you can accept reality, and work hard to be good despite the negative energy around you. The choice is yours. Here is some soul-stirring Anakin Skywalker quotes that will put you in a reflective mood. For those who love Darth Vader, read some quotes from the evil Sith Lord himself. Anakin Skywalker Prequel Quotes Episode II - Attack of the ClonesYoure asking me to be rational. That is something I know I cannot do. Believe me, I wish I could just wish away my feelings, but I cant. Episode I - The Phantom MenaceMom, you said that the biggest problem in the universe is no one helps each other. Episode II - Attack of the ClonesAttachment is forbidden. Possession is forbidden. Compassion- which I would define as†¦unconditional love- is essential to a Jedis life. So, you might say that we are encouraged to love. Episode II - Attack of the ClonesWe will find out whos trying to kill you, Padmà ©. I promise you. Episode II - Attack of the ClonesSomeday I will be the most powerful Jedi ever. Episode II - Attack of the ClonesI killed them. I killed them all. Theyre dead, every single one of them. And not just the men, but the women and the children, too. Theyre like animals, and I slaughtered them like animals. I HATE THEM! Episode II - Attack of the ClonesIts all Obi-Wans fault. Hes jealous. Hes holding me back. Episode II - Attack of the Clones[Anakin uses his Force levitation to slice a fruit for Padme] If Obi-Wan caught me doing that, he would be very grumpy. Episode III - Revenge of the SithIm going there to end this war. Wait for me until I return. Things will be different, I promise. Please wait for me. Episode II - Attack of the Clones[Anakin Skywalker, after Obi-Wan Kenobi cuts off Zam Wesells arm] Jedi business, go back to your drinks!

Response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Response - Assignment Example ial component of the educational system and the way their responsibilities and training have changed over the decades makes them an active participant in the evolving educational system of the present and future. The school principal is the architect of a students educational life. He is the person who dictates what subjects are to be taught and how. He holds in his hands, the power to educate or dumb down his students. The Wallace Report has proven that principals have slowly come to embrace the fact that just because they are administrators, that does not mean they are no longer educators. Thanks to their continuous training programs, the students of the future will continue to benefit from the skills of principals who concentrate more on the educational welfare of their students rather than the financial bottom line of the school districts. Overall, I learned a lot from this study about how a principal should perform his job as an administrator. As such, my first order of business is to ensure the quality of education and teaching that the children in my school receive. I have to work towards the end result of having no child left behind in the educational system before making sure that my school is running within its budget and other requirements of the school district. The Wallace Foundation published a book or rather, the results of their decade long research into what makes for an effective learning environment in schools. With the publication of â€Å" The School Principal as Leader: Guiding Schools to Better Teaching and learning, they try to answer key questions that are relevant to the quality of education that our students receive. Their data came back as clear as daylight. The school principal is the most important person within the existing school system. The weight of the quality of education delivered by a school is reliant upon his effective administrative and educator skills. Every parent has a vision of what the perfect school system should be

Memory retention and retrieval in aging adults Term Paper

Memory retention and retrieval in aging adults - Term Paper Example Aging can affect both long term and short term memories of a person. Long term memories can act like the hard disk of a computer whereas short term memories can function like the Random Access Memory (RAM) of a computer. When the computer switches off all the information in the RAM will be lost whereas the information stored in the hard disk will be saved for future use. In the case of old people, both long term and short term memories can be exhausted if proper precautions are not taken. Long term memory consolidation occurs in human brain with the help of complex interactions among multiple brain systems like neurohormones. In the case of old people, these interactions among brain systems will be exhausted along with the exhausting of the body. Same way, short term memories may disappear once an old person completes a sleep cycle. Memory retention is essential for old people to conduct a normal life. Loss of memory may prevent them from identifying the objects or forgetting about t heir daily routine works. Thus their life becomes miserable when they approach their end of life period. Medical science has developed a lot and it is possible to reduce the pace of memory exhaustion among old people. In some cases, it is possible to regain the lost memory of the old people. This paper reviews the literature with respect to memory retention and retrieval among old people. Memory loss among old people There are many theories and views about the beginning of memory decline. Many people are of the view that memory mays started to decline from the age of sixty onwards. On the other hand many other are of the view that memory declining starts as early as thirty years of age itself. These contrasting views are the result of unawareness about the memory systems. Craik (2008) has succeeded in explaining these contrasting views with the help of the architecture and functioning of memory. He has explained that every human has at least five major memory systems and these syste ms show very distant rate of declining in the course of aging. â€Å"Episodic memory (memory for specific events) and working memory exhaust rapidly whereas memory for perceptual information, for highly practiced habits and procedures and for general knowledge (semantic memory) hold up relatively well†(Craik, 2008, p.343). In other words, some memory systems start to exhaust even in the early ages of thirties or forties whereas other memory systems exhaust only at a later period. People will take episodic memory loss and working memory loss as natural and less seriously than other types of memory loss and that is why these memory losses are often not catching the attention of people. Older people have relatively less abilities in keeping specific information in the memory compared to the younger generation. However, most of them are capable of retrieving general information. This is purely because of the dependency of various memory systems to age for the active functioning. Cognitive abilities such as attention, executive control, learning and problem solving etc can exhaust in the course of normal and pathological aging†. This is because of the growing inefficiency of the neurophysiological systems, blood supply, neural connectivity,

Current Trend in Management Essay Example for Free

Current Trend in Management Essay The management should recognize the important role of human resources management in order to successfully guide organizations towards profitability. It is essential for the management of investment and time-consuming and the amount, to see change scenario for the human resources department in the 21st century. In order to stay competitive and be in the race, and human resources management should consciously update itself with a shift in human resources, and be aware of the human resources issues cropping up. With high attrition rates and poaching strategies of competitors, and there is a huge shortage of skilled staff, and therefore, the company human resources activities play a vital role in combating the crisis. Should be put in the appropriate human resource policies that would lead to the organization as well as the individual s goals. And human resource managers to manage all the challenges facing staff recruitment, training them, and then develop strategies to retain their career and build an effective management system for them. That just taking care of employees will not be enough; new initiatives for human resources should also focus on the quality and productivity needs, and direct clients and stress, teamwork and leadership building. This book is divided into two parts, which sheds light on the emerging trends in human resources, and discusses the issues of human resources in various industries such as financial services, information technology, energy and health care, for example a few. It should be the value of this book is to practice human resource managers in each institution, as well as for those who have a great interest in the field of human resources management, to realize the increasing importance of human resources and understand the need to build human resources effective strategies to combat human resources issues emerging in the 21st century. Has evolved Human Resource Management Introduction to a large extent over the past century, and has seen a major shift in form and function primarily during the past two decades. Led a number of large forces environmental internal and external, progress has been made in the management of human resources function maintenance to a large extent, with little if any impact down the line, why many scholars and practitioners regard today as a source of competitive advantage for sustainable organizations operating in the global economy. Changes in human resources management: some significant changes that are likely to take place in the management of human resources are as follows: An increase in the levels of education: Due to the technological progress and the spread of educational institutions, workers will become increasingly aware of the needs of a higher level, managers must develop appropriate policies and techniques to motivate knowledge workers. Better-educated workforce and greater demand management assessment and self-governance in the workplace. Technological developments: This will require re-training and vocational training in the middle of each of the workers and managers. The rise of an international company to prove new challenges for individuals and function. Change the composition of the labor force: In women, in the future, minorities, SCs and STs become an important source of manpower in the future at the expense of ease of access to better education and employment opportunities. Therefore workforce planning will from each organization to take into account the possibility of the availability of talent in these groups. And will change the mix of the workforce leads to new values ​​in organizations. Increase the role of government: In India and management, personnel have become so certified. Will be required in private institutions in the future will be to coordinate its programs with those welfare work in the government sector, especially the increasingly to support the governments efforts to improve public health and education, training and development and infrastructure. Occupational Health and Safety: Because of the existence of the legislative and the trade union movement, and management personnel should be more health and safety conscious in the future. OD: in the future, and will have started to change and able to improve organizational effectiveness. And senior management will become more actively involved in the development of human resources. New work ethic: more troops will be on the forms of the project and a team of the organization. And change the work ethic requires a greater focus on the individual. You will have to redesign jobs to make the appeal. Development planning: Will be involved personnel management are increasingly in organizational planning, structure, and composition etc.. This will require greater awareness in terms of cost and profit based on attitudes on the part of the Department of Personnel. Better evaluation and reward systems: There will be a need to post the highest gains patrol organizations with the goal and the result more workers compensation-oriented systems performance and linking performance evaluation will have to be developed. New personnel policies: This will require the adoption of new and better policies for the labor force in the future. The traditional family management to give way to professional management with greater forces on human dignity. Hence, it will be in personnel management in the future cope with new challenges and new responsibilities performance. And will take place participatory leadership authoritarian leadership. And creative skills must be redone and rewarded the focus will shift from a legally binding approach and rule to a more open and humane. Recent trends in human resources Human Resource Management is the process of bringing people and organizations together so as to achieve the objectives of each other. The role of Director of Human Resources continues to shift from the role of protector and sort of the role of planning and agent of change. Management personnel are the new heroes of companies. The name of the game today in business is individuals. At present it is not possible to show good report your financial or operating only personnel relations are in order. Over the years, a high degree of skill and knowledge based on increasing employment opportunities while jobs that require low skills are diminishing. This calls for the appointment of skill in the future through human resource management initiatives occasion. Indian organizations have also experienced a change in systems and cultures and management philosophy due to the global alignment of Indian organizations. There is a need to develop multiple skills. The role of human resource management is becoming more important.

War Between Political Parties :: Free Essays Online

War Between Political Parties Why can’t we all get along? â€Å"Time after time in our history, in the face of great danger, Democrats and Republicans worked together to ensure that freedom would not falter. But not today (Miller).† Today politics is all about who you know and how to obtain â€Å"the goal.† It isn’t about who is going to do the best job or informing the public about important stands on issues. On September 1, 2004 Senator Zell Miller of Georgia illustrated a great example of this. Zell Miller is a conservative democrat from Young Harris, GA. He is an ex-marine, a Methodist, and a family man. Senator Zell Miller gets way off track and begins using a very negative rhetorical approach during his speech at the National Republican convention. Senator Miller begins and ends his speech by relating to the audience. He refers to his family as his most precious possession. This is a good technique to get his audience, the registered voter, interested in his speech. He then uses key words and phrases to draw the audience in even further. â€Å"I know that’s how you feel about your family also.† â€Å"Like you, I think of their future, the promises and perils they will face.† â€Å"Like you, I believe that the next four years will determine what kind of world they will grow up in. â€Å"And Like you, I ask which leader is it today that has the vision, the willpower and yes, the backbone to best protect my family?† Senator Miller uses denotative language when making comments about his family. He gives examples to show Bush is a family man and a religious man as well. Miller says, â€Å"I am moved by the respect he shows the First Lady, his unabashed love for his parents and his daughters, and the fact that he is unashamed of his belief that God is not indifferent to America. Miller builds his credibility by stating that he was a Marine (patriotic). He tells the audience he's family oriented (just like everyone else). He also states that he worked with George Bush as a governor (knowing him on a personal level being able to talk of his character).

Israeli-Palestinian conflict and Pan-Islamic terrorism in the Middle East Essay

Being unique is what sets us apart from others; it gives us the edge over other people. Differences amongst us have been one of the most unique features God has granted human beings. One look and the differences are evident, making it clear no one is the same and no one will end-up in the same way. Human beings not only vary physically but also in lifestyle, culture, emotions, perspective in life, and in religion. At times human set aside these differences for the greater good, for the cause of peace and prosperity, but most of the time they fight for what they believe in even if it costs them or others life. Countless wars have been waged for the cause of justice, freedom and sovereignty over a piece of property. One dispute over a piece of land known to the world is the dispute between Israel and Palestine over the Land of Israel/Palestine. Israelites are Jews while the Palestinians are Arabs, but, this does not mean that the dispute is a religious one, it is solely a dispute over a 10,000 sq. mile property where both party claim rights over it. The reason for such a 60-year old dispute is based on the history of the land each party is trying to claim. According to the History Guy1, historically, the ancient Jews from Biblical times called their land Israel, Canaan, Judea, etc. and that in the days of the Bible God gave the land to the ancient Jews known as the Hebrews. But due to massive killings brought about by the Roman Empire, Jews were forced to move out from their land resulting to â€Å"The Diaspora†. But after some years, the Palestinians settled, earning them as the majority ethnic group in the land, thus Palestines claim the right over it. And since the Jews have returned, they also want their rights over the land given that it was granted to them by God. Both of these groups struggle to keep what they believe is theirs, by law or by nature. But the Palestinians went over board. They have inflicted intolerable pain to the world. Where Palestinians send out death threats, destroying infrastructures as well as eliminating __________________________ 1 â€Å"The Israeli-Palestiniam Conflict†, The History Guy. Retrieved June 5, 2007 from The History Guy Website. http://www. historyguy. com/israeli-palestinian_conflict. html job opportunities, and worse, destroying the lives of countless innocent souls now forever shadowed by fear. Terrorism as defined by Britannica Online2, is the systematic use of violence to create a general climate of fear in a population and thereby to bring about a particular political objective. Many Islamic groups have arisen in different parts of the earth to spread terrorism in the face of the planet. The Al-Qaeda, Abu Sayyaf and others are examples of the different Islamic groups present in different locations on Earth with one mission in mind, to inflict pain. Islamic issues on terrorism have stopped the world in its tracks, as the massive killings became worse. The world became spectators as bomb after bomb set off, killing people stripping them of their right to live. The world watched in horror as the World Trade Center where many employees work, were blown off to pieces. Some were found severely injured, others were never found under dusts and pile of debris. No one surely knows the reason for such terrorism; could it be that these Palestinians want to rule the world? Or they just want to prove something? There are many speculations on the cause of the terrorism brought about by these Arabs. But a certain speculation reveals that this terrorism was started by the dispute of the Palestinians and Israelites over the piece of property. That due to this dispute over a piece of property, the Palestinians brought terrorism to the world to inflict fear and pain in order to get what they want, and eliminating those who stand in their way. And as these Palestinians see it, the only way to get what they want, and in this circumstance that piece of land, force has to be used. Believing that inflicting pain and fear to the masses can weaken their decisions and give these Arabs what they want. These Palestinians truly believe that the piece of land they are fighting for is truly theirs. And they will fight for the right over it even if it takes how many lives or how much blood shall be spilled, as long as this goal is achieved.  2 terrorism. (2007). In Encyclop? dia Britannica. Retrieved June 5, 2007, from Encyclop? dia Britannica Online: http://www. britannica. com/eb/article-9071797 References: terrorism. (2007). In Encyclop? dia Britannica. Retrieved June 5, 2007, from Encyclop? dia Britannica Online: http://www. britannica. com/eb/article-9071797 â€Å"The Israeli-Palestiniam Conflict†, The History Guy. Retrieved June 5, 2007 from The History Guy Website. Being unique is what sets us apart from others; it gives us the edge over other people. Differences amongst us have been one of the most unique features God has granted human beings. One look and the differences are evident, making it clear no one is the same and no one will end-up in the same way. Human beings not only vary physically but also in lifestyle, culture, emotions, perspective in life, and in religion. At times human set aside these differences for the greater good, for the cause of peace and prosperity, but most of the time they fight for what they believe in even if it costs them or others life. Countless wars have been waged for the cause of justice, freedom and sovereignty over a piece of property. One dispute over a piece of land known to the world is the dispute between Israel and Palestine over the Land of Israel/Palestine. Israelites are Jews while the Palestinians are Arabs, but, this does not mean that the dispute is a religious one, it is solely a dispute over a 10,000 sq. mile property where both party claim rights over it. The reason for such a 60-year old dispute is based on the history of the land each party is trying to claim. According to the History Guy1, historically, the ancient Jews from Biblical times called their land Israel, Canaan, Judea, etc. and that in the days of the Bible God gave the land to the ancient Jews known as the Hebrews. But due to massive killings brought about by the Roman Empire, Jews were forced to move out from their land resulting to â€Å"The Diaspora†. But after some years, the Palestinians settled, earning them as the majority ethnic group in the land, thus Palestines claim the right over it. And since the Jews have returned, they also want their rights over the land given that it was granted to them by God. Both of these groups struggle to keep what they believe is theirs, by law or by nature. But the Palestinians went over board. They have inflicted intolerable pain to the world. Where Palestinians send out death threats, destroying infrastructures as well as eliminating __________________________ 1 â€Å"The Israeli-Palestiniam Conflict†, The History Guy. Retrieved June 5, 2007 from The History Guy Website. http://www. historyguy. com/israeli-palestinian_conflict. html job opportunities, and worse, destroying the lives of countless innocent souls now forever shadowed by fear. Terrorism as defined by Britannica Online2, is the systematic use of violence to create a general climate of fear in a population and thereby to bring about a particular political objective. Many Islamic groups have arisen in different parts of the earth to spread terrorism in the face of the planet. The Al-Qaeda, Abu Sayyaf and others are examples of the different Islamic groups present in different locations on Earth with one mission in mind, to inflict pain. Islamic issues on terrorism have stopped the world in its tracks, as the massive killings became worse. The world became spectators as bomb after bomb set off, killing people stripping them of their right to live. The world watched in horror as the World Trade Center where many employees work, were blown off to pieces. Some were found severely injured, others were never found under dusts and pile of debris. No one surely knows the reason for such terrorism; could it be that these Palestinians want to rule the world? Or they just want to prove something? There are many speculations on the cause of the terrorism brought about by these Arabs. But a certain speculation reveals that this terrorism was started by the dispute of the Palestinians and Israelites over the piece of property. That due to this dispute over a piece of property, the Palestinians brought terrorism to the world to inflict fear and pain in order to get what they want, and eliminating those who stand in their way. And as these Palestinians see it, the only way to get what they want, and in this circumstance that piece of land, force has to be used. Believing that inflicting pain and fear to the masses can weaken their decisions and give these Arabs what they want. These Palestinians truly believe that the piece of land they are fighting for is truly theirs. And they will fight for the right over it even if it takes how many lives or how much blood shall be spilled, as long as this goal is achieved. __________________________ 2 terrorism. (2007). In Encyclop? dia Britannica. Retrieved June 5, 2007, from Encyclop? dia Britannica Online: http://www. britannica. com/eb/article-9071797 References: terrorism. (2007). In Encyclop? dia Britannica. Retrieved June 5, 2007, from Encyclop? dia Britannica Online: http://www. britannica. com/eb/article-9071797 â€Å"The Israeli-Palestiniam Conflict†, The History Guy. Retrieved June 5, 2007 from The History Guy Website. http://www. historyguy. com/israeli-palestinian_conflict. html.

Difference Between Black and White

Audrey Edwards propagates her belief that blacks must only marry blacks for the simple reason that whites continue to feel superior to blacks because the latter were their slaves at one time. Apparently, the difference between the whites and the blacks of the United States is deep-rooted – going back to early America where Europeans had brought African slaves. Although slavery was abolished in the centuries to come, the huge socioeconomic difference between the white masters and their black slaves was to remain at the level of the subconscious mind of America.From the subconscious mind to the culture of America – it was effortless for the â€Å"difference† between black and whites to make a transition. In a newspaper report published in the year 1957, the Governor of Arkansas maintained that peace was not possible without racial segregation, that is, without strict adherance to the concept of white privilege, which is defined as â€Å"a special advantage or bene fit of white persons; with reference to divine dispensations, natural advantages, gifts of fortune, genetic endowments, social relations, etc.  (Clark)†Integration was virtually impossible, in other words, and racial tension was expected to rise as a result of the discussions about letting the African Americans and the whites study together in an academic institution (â€Å"Act To Block Integration in Arkansas†). After all, the concept of white privilege entailed that the whites were socially and intellectually superior to the blacks, and therefore could not study with those that were inferior to them. In a racial riot like the one that was expected back in 1957, the African Americans were expected to fight for their self-esteem.The white Americans, on the contrary, were expected to protect their notion of superiority by fighting back. It appears to be a fact that the â€Å"difference† was mainly maintained by the whites as opposed to the blacks. The blacks wer e fighting for equal rights during the Civil Rights Movement of America. In response to the racial abuses they had suffered at the hands of the whites who had considered themselves superior to their slaves of the past; the blacks had to be compensated by means of affirmative action.Affirmative action is defined as a â€Å"policy that gives a preference to individuals based upon their belonging to designated groups who are underrepresented not only in the most desirable occupational classes, but also in school admissions and government contracts. † Those who are underrepresented thus can be referred to as disadvantaged groups, seeing as they do not have a powerful representative voice to speak for their rights.The policy of affirmative action serves as a blessing for the disadvantaged groups for this reason, by not only adding extra points to the credit of the members of disadvantaged groups when performance evaluation is called for, but also by allocating extra funds to recru it such members of the community. Whereas the opponents of affirmative action claim that it is injustice to favor a group just because it is considered â€Å"disadvantaged,† proponents of the policy assert that affirmative action is necessary to right the wrongs of the past with respect to discrimination and/or racism (Boylan).In other words, in the absence of affirmative action, discrimination and/or racism may very well continue in almost any if not all spheres of life. The â€Å"difference† between whites and blacks has definitely seeped into the culture of America from its subconscious mind where the history of the nation is stored. If the whites of America had not used the services of black slaves in the past, there would have been no question of white privilege, and America would not have found it useful to combat racism with affirmative action.In actuality, white privilege translates into obvious racism, which is a belief system claiming that individuals can be superior to others solely on the basis of race. The theory of racism has led to much violence and genocide in the world. It was racism that led the Nazis to slaughter the Jews simply by believing that the latter were inferior. The theory of racism seems to have been applied everywhere in the world, even though universal values inform us that people who are superior are only those who do good in this world.Would universal values, therefore, be able to end the â€Å"difference†? The answer appears to be Yes. Even so, the collective memory of America will not be eradicated, and nobody can force the whites, in particular, to forget that the blacks were their slaves in the past. The â€Å"difference† is expected to be maintained at some level. Finally, it is worthy of note that without the great socioeconomic divide between the blacks and the whites in America’s early memories, there would have been no conflict whatsoever.

Image Crisis at British Petroleum Essays

Image Crisis at British Petroleum Essays Image Crisis at British Petroleum Essay Image Crisis at British Petroleum Essay Bp’s BRAND IMAGE More packaging than substance ? Introduction: Corporate image symbolises the values an organisation stands for. Organizations can create it to define themselves or get branded due to their actions. Therefore, its more important to have a the right image that reflect an organization’s commitment to quality, excellence and its constructive role in the society. British Petroleum (BP) is a major enterprise to redefine its core values in the light of its ethical considerations. It is an example of antagonism between its core business and it’s core values. Since years it has been subject of criticism more than any other oil producer for failing to deliver on its commitments of environmental protection, ethical business model and health / safety procedures. A series of accidents have also undermined BP’s credibility of going green and the range of disparity between its business values and business practices is anyones guess. In order to assess the extent to which BP has been successful, we will equate its position with respect to the extrinsic factors like industry macro-drivers, strategy implementation, crisis management and intrinsic factors such as size, capital, costs, technology and location. It is the change of dynamics between these extrinsic and intrinsic factors that decides the amount of resources that can be allocated to bring about any change. We will also aim to explore how BP is affected by dynamics of a business sector on which its customers are rather dependent and shareholders who are looking for the return on their investment. The kind of leverage BP has to sideline its ethical commitments and favor profit generation. There are unexploited oil reserves in this highly profitable industry and switching to alternative energy solutions cannot viably offset current technologies brought about by years of research and billiols in investment. How does BP plan to manage this change across the company and time of implementation is debatable. â€Å"Bp’s internal culture is characterized by intense pressure to keep the costs down and budgeting always took precedence over routine maintenance and occasionally over safety. † Forbes The business ethics that are followed in this sector are questionable and BP is no exception. Seemingly the company has protocols setup for operation but due to the rapid expansion of the oil industry, these have to be adapted to the local conditions that leads to complacency and rearrangement of ethical priorities. This results in a business mechanism where the core values does not filter down to the grass root level. The ethics of any organization is comprised of the individuals representing it. Customizing ethics with respect to the operating environment increases heterogeneity in values which is not permissible. the values are real, but they haven’t been aligned with our business practice in the field a scream at our level is, if anything, a whisper at their level. † anonymous BP executive quoted by Fortune magazine There are challenges faced by BP as well to bring about changes. Change in technology is relatively easier than to bring change in attitude. Being conti nuously under the scrutiny of environmental agencies like green peace and WWF it is hard for the company to invest into alternative energy considering the profit it is making from the existing operations. Moreover, it is understandable that BP is a business concern that generates profit and not a charity, therefore it would be unfair to ask it for a paradigm shift in its policies and operations. It has made mistakes and hopefully learnt from it, there is actually no intention of reinventing the wheel. Therefore, the aim of this article is analyse the success BP has had since it was rebranded and whether its actions are in line with its green strategy or result of a covert master plan. Overview of the study: In this study we aim justify if BP is taking concrete steps to go green. We will cite examples and then examine how they translate in the light of stakeholder management, business ethics and crisis management and their political, economic, social, technologcal, environmental and legal effects (PESTEL). These management, ethics and PESTEL phenomenon occour differently in different strata of any organisation, their understanding is even more important as these individual processess lead to a cascade of events that define the actions of an organisation. Therefore, in most of the cases BP’s green credentials have to be judged as consequences rather than results of these processes. Stakeholder Management: A key issue in stakeholder management is the identification of ‘key’ stake holders which in turn helps an organization to filter out its ‘strategic’ stakeholders. â€Å"A stakeholder in an organization ( by definition) any group or individual which can affect or is affected by the achievements of the organizations objectives. † (Freeman 1984, Pg 46). Therefore, in order to maximize profits, stakeholders have to be prioritized on the basis of their affect or the organization. Stakeholders that can affect the management of the organization need to be handled instrumentally but if the firms decisions affect the well being of the stakeholders, then it is just a case of moral obligation (Berman et al. , 1999). They can also be categorized no the basis of their interest, claim or ownership in the organization and its activity (Clarkson 1995), where as equal merit should also be given to any consideration that a stakeholder might have (Donaldson Preston 1995). In the case of BP, we can clearly see that there is a genuine attempt to give equal merit to all its stakeholders. Even more so as its new branding scheme credits the environment as its stakeholder to which it ideally only has a moral obligation. Environmental organization maintains that BP is still ‘toying’ with the idea or going green (Barley, 2009) and on the company website the green trademark has been replaced with the commitment to be ‘Responsible’. (Barley 2009) One can only imagine the internal and external forces that come into play while corporate decisions are made. Primary stakeholder have an upper hand in influencing corporate decisions and an organization survival may depend on their continuous participation. Shareholders and investors, employees, suppliers are considered to be the primary stakeholders in an organization while secondary stakeholders constitute groups that are not essential for the direct functioning of an organization but are influenced or affected by it (Clarkson, 1995). Secondary stakeholders have a unique participation that they can mould people perception and have a major impact by striking interaction between stakeholders. Imperical studies have demonstrated that firms with different levels of commitment to environmental issues vary in managers perceptions of which groups of stakeholders is important (Buysse and Verbeke, 2003; Harvey and Schemer, 2001; Henriques and Sadorsky, 1999; Hoffman, 1996). BP being a profitable organization gives justice to this model. An insight into the this area leads to the fact that it has given good return on investment for its investors and ranks good on employee satisfaction surveys (BP Annual Review 2008). It is well known that the supply chain has always been happy in this generally profitable business sector. Considering customer satisfaction, the subject becomes debatable as their primary focus is on the fuel in their vehicles rather than its producer or its methods of production. Agle (1999, Pg 508) advocates that the importance of stake holders on attributes such as ligitimacy, power, urgency. Organization however big or small have limited resources where these attributes provide additional criteria for identifying and prioritizing stakeholders. Legitimacy refers to a legal or contractual obligation and categorizes shareholders and investors having interest in the harms and benefits generated by a company’s actions. Power is the ability to influence a firm’s behavior. Again it can be deduced that power comes to legimate stakeholders. Urgency is a dynamic component for a stakeholder to grab attention of managers. BP seems to adhere very strongly to above theory as we can see that the secondary stakeholders like environmental and health safety concerns do not feature high in its priority list. BP codes demands requiring immediate attention or change implementation as one and for future attention as zero. In year 2000 four environmental NGO’s lead the boycott of British Petroleum requesting it to pledge to avoid drilling operations in Alaska. This request was coded as zero (LexisNexis Academic, 2003). Bp’s Alaskan Northstar operation began production in the same year. It is also noteworthy that bp has done very well as an organization by contradicting a Harvard study that concludes that the companies that prioritize shareholders did less well for their stakeholders as compared to companies that put equal weightage on both (Caulkin and Black, 1994; Kotter and Heskett, 1992). Along with profit generation and market penetration, it has also expanded its product portfolio to alternative energy like solar energy, wind farms etc. ( However, it has not provided any explanation as to why it regards natural gas as alternative energy). As stakeholders, environmental agencies like greenpeace are its biggest critiques but other than that it ranks high on corporate social responsibilities initiatives like social innovation, energy efficiency, operating efficiency, product emission and research on renewable sources of energy (BP 2004). Its alternative energy division has been downsized to department as they have reported losses of $900 million in Q1 2009 due to sales slump and $193 million in Q108 (Yarrow, J. , 2009). Understandably, this decision should have been taken due to economic feasibility since BP as a business seeks profitability rather than investing funds in loss making operations. Therefore, viewing BP’s stakeholder management in the light of strategy implementation, we can see that fundamental changes in its business processes actually comprise its very long term strategy. It might be due to the fact that its secondary shareholders are miniscule considering its financial and political might within an industry that operates in an essential commodity business sector where it is hard, if not impossible, to persuade its customers to abstain using its products. It gives fair credit to political and economic aspects of PESTEL. Primary stakeholders have been prioritised and secondary stakeholders like society and environment have been sidelined. It is difficult to be profit oriented and environmentally comitted in this industry sector. The closest it has gone for being green on enviromental sustainability is cleaner energy that primarily focuses on process efficiency and carbon offset farms. In the current scenario it looks like BP’s strategy is to align stakeholders with its own business policies rather than implementing changes that reflect stakeholders’ concerns. Business Ethics: It is defined as the study of business situations, activities and decisions where the issues of right and wrongs are concerned (Crane and Matten, 2007). The fundamentals of business ethics have been deduced from applied ethics. By taking business environment into account, it addresses decision making when moral or ethical problems arise. Being a normative discipline, it provides a framework of values by averaging or bordering. It means that a decision being ethical or unethical actually depends on the situation and the environment where it may or may not be morally and socially acceptable. BP has had major criticism for unethical practices due to its collaboration with apartheid governments, exploration in protected areas, use of force in West Papua, Columbia, Azerbaijan, inadequate adherence to safety and most notably failing to deliver on its green initiatives. Bp’s trade agreements with the Souch African government under apartheid is a classis case where BP even denied to report its involvement ( Tutu, D. , et. Al, 2002). BP along with other major oil companies paid levy to South African government’s Strategic Oil Fund which financed SASOL to produce fuel for domestic transport (Burton, B. , 1998), which seriously undermined the effect of sanctions. However, it explained that embargoed oil was exported twice but that was an error. Like all other oil companies operating there, it said that it was compelled to purchase oil through the State Fuel Fund. Burton, B. , 1999) Bp’s publicly support to the Bush government to open oil drilling in Arctic National Wildife Refuge in Alaska and continues to explore in environmentally sensitive areas like the Atlantic Frontier, foothills of Andes and Alaska (Beder, S. , 2002). In 2001 PEER (Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility) reseased the survey results of ADEC employee s that suggested that there is a widespread perception of regulatory favoritism towards the petroleum industry, political arm-twisting of pollution enforcement and waek agency leadership (Ruch, J. 2002). Bp’s move to extract oil from tar sands in Alberta, Canada is another example where BP is involved in extraction involving process which is five time more energy intensive and equally polluting. BP does state its advantages of such a dirty extraction process but there are few takers. ( bp. com, 2007) It has been widely reported that BP uses force and in some cases collaborates with defence agencies to start or continue its production abroad and sometimes prosecute opposing fractions. In West Papua, BP has been developing athe massive Tangguh gas project at Benton Bay, where it has tried hard to gain community support by proclaiming its intention to avoid the disasters occurred while other companies were operating there. Rather than gaining community approval it has tied up with the Indonesian military. In March 2003, Bp was warned by US senator George Mitchell that it could trigger human rights abuses based on the fact that indonesian military would be deployed to guard its Tangguh LNG facilities (Macalister, T. , 2003). In Columbia, BP has been accused of making deals with local security forces and introduced voluntary principles while contracting private security providers and trying to ensure their implementation later (Warner, M. , 2002). BP was yet again in human rights vioation during the execution of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline project connecting operations in the caspian sea to the medeterranean sea. It was accused osf sidelining the rights of Turkish villagers and environmental authorities as it struck a deal which exempted it from its environmental, social and human rights laws. Moreover, this deal included the fact that the pipeline would remain outside Ankara’s jurisdiction for its lifetime (Brown, P. , 2002). In March 2006, a sever corrosion was detected in the Purdhoe Bay oil transit line resulting in an oil spill. In June 2006 BP’s North America division was charged for illegal profit of $20 million by manipulating propane prices. In September 2006, 1000 barrels of oil was spilled at BP’s port of Long Beach, California due to rupture in its underground pipeline. In 2005 there was an explosion in its Texas refinery that killed 15 and injured more than 170. A government enquiry was carried out issuing fines and recommendations. Payment of fines was hardly a dent in its balance sheet but new health and safety management systems were incorporated such as OMS (Organisational Management System) and ERNP (Environmental Requrements for New Projects). Since 2007 there has been no reports on any accidents or mishaps so far. After the pipeline and Texas refinery disasters it went for damage control with a series of public relation campaigns, mainly in North America. There were adverts in newspapers, parties, barbrques, celebrity receptions, road shows, footrace etc. In 2007 it went for a US wide campaign called ‘Helios Power’ through newspapers, radio and television. One might wonder why such initiatives were not taken in other parts of the world, where it primarily settled lawsuits with monotory compensation, notably in the case of Columbiam farmers (Verkaik, R. , 2006). There can be no doubt that human rights abuse in Turkey could go unnoticed as BP had already made legal arrangements to circumvent it. It really is a blemish that would take long to wash off. Human rights grops have questioned BP’s business ethics and corporate culture it operates within. If a corporation can go against governments would it head to its citizens’ concerns; doubtful. Print and visual media is also to be credited as they break these news all over the world so that the people become more concious about the blood-fuel that is being delivered to them. Keeping strategy implementation in focus, it seems like its current strategy is to gamble and take chances. Its financial and political might does give it leverage to do so which could also be the root of this problem. Interestingly, BP in 2002 has also stated that it woll no longer offer donations to political parties as they have no democratic legitimacy anywhere in the world (Cowell, A,. 2002). It indicates that there were donations made that might have lead to malpracitces. With this many number of environmental blunders under its belt, its environmental credentials have hit rockbottom. In terms of basic ethical standards such as honesty, trustworthiness and co-operation (Collins 1994; Watson 1994), BP has set wrong examples that might, in future, undermine the commitment it enjoys from its investors and shareholders. CRISIS MANAGEMENT: Crisis management is a process that enables an organisation to manoevour under unpredictable situations which may threaten to harm the organisation, its stakeh olders or general public. Common challenges faced in a crisis situation is that of threat to the organisation, element of surprise and short decision time (Seeger et. l. 1998). Due to the large ambit of a crisis situation and organisation wide reach of the process a hybrid term has been coined called business crisis and continuity management (BCCM) (Shaw, G. , 2005). It has also been defined as the farmework that integrates strategic business protection, response recovery and business continuity (Mitroff and Pauchant 1992, Mitroff 2001) (Fink 1986). Bp’s crisis managem ent strategy suggests that it is accomodating rather than proactive. There have been instances like the Alaskan and Longbeach oil spill, Texas refinery disaster. Something common in all these situation is that fact that BP executives were swift enough to apologise and stop production but fact of the matter is that the fines and compensation it paid out hardly made a dent in its balance sheet. It has coerced stakeholders, made illegal government deals in Turkey, abused human rights in Azerbaijan, exploited environmentally sensitive areas and even denied involvement in worngdoings in South Africa shows the deapth of its crisis management. After the Texas refinery inqust, health and safety protocols like OMS and ERNP were introduced and will be tested over time. If the abovementioned situations are not regarded as crisis than what is? If these crises are catagoried ( Coombs 1999; Lerbinger 1997), BP has faced nearly all of them like technological, confrontational, malevolence, deception, organisational misdeeds and management misconduct. Falling back on the MItroff, Pauchant and Fink definition, BP does prform well in terms of business protection and business continuity but has failed to provide industry leading examples of response and recovery in any crisis situation. These crices situation have brought massive negative public relation to BP. Even more so the heavyhanded approach towards their resolution and recovery further exposed the rift there exists between BP policies and actions. Its blatent disregard for the very objectives it stands for proves that afterall it is an oil company and will remain one until these resources are exhausted and alternative energy becomes equally profitable. The need for rebranding and what BP got out of it: â€Å"Its not a matter of competition. Its a matter of different character. † -BP exchief executive John Browne Bp’s rebranding campaign is still considered a success story. With the acquisition of US based Amoco and ARCO (Atlantic Richfield Corp), access to the north american market, Amoco and ARCO brand ceased to exist and being catapulted in the big league was an ideal situation for rebranding the organization as a whole. This exercise in year 2000 brought two kinds of changes. Visibly, the old shield logo metamorphosed into a Helios sunburst with white yellow and green colours thereby defining the company as innovative, progressive, environmentally responsible and performance driven (Mufson, S. and Eilperin, J. (2006), and declared BP to stand for ‘Beyond Petroleum’. Psychologically it initiated a change in attitude and future orientation of the business as an energy company. This led to a series of organizational and leadership changes. This change in logo is seen with sarcasm these day as year 2000 and onwards BP has been associated with accidents, oil spills, government enquiries, protests, global warming etc. The effectiveness of BP’s new brand and the public relations can be judged on defintion given by Grunig and Hunt (1984) which stated that a non-product advertisement as being concept, general promotion, goodwill, image, issue, personality and responsibility. With the juxtaposition of being green to being responsible, BP has practically achieved these with its new brand but their realisation seem farfetched. CONCLUSION: Being green or not, it is important to consider that it is the people who make our society, inhabit the planet and will be most affected by issues like pollution and global warming. The managers in BP breathe the same air and hopefully do understand their moral responsibilities. Is it a race between oil majors to make maximum profits because one day or another final damage will be done? Green colour is not all about environment but it also signifies life. Being green is about respecting life. Its is hard to consider an oil giant to be environmentally sensitive if it earns $25 billion a year and pland to invest $8 billion over a period of ten years on alternative energy sources. BP has strady increased its profits year on year and the above figures correspond to year 2005. Since then its alternative energy subsidiary has been downsized to a department, getting even lesser funding. Other than environment, it has topographically and geologically disturbed the ecosystem, thereby causing irrepairable damage. In addition to bringing harm to the environment it has also taken resort to political lobbying, human rights abuse is South America and collaborated with apartheid government of South Africa. Going to these extremes clearly shows that it is a concious attemp on BP’s side to move away from its environmental claims. Moreover, the people that have been subjected to its abuses feel compromised as the benefits of their resources is being concenrated elsewhere. Bp’s Bold move to explore oil in environmentally sensitive areas have drawn a lot of flak from agencies such as Greenpeace, Public Interest Research Group Education Fund (PRIG) and Amnesty International. BP contends that it should be allowed to drill in sensitive areas because it has the ability to operate in a manner that will not harm these unique places, We disagree with that argument. The best way to preserve biodiversity and important protected areas is not by making a best practices gamble but to not operate there at all. Justin Tatham, PRIG representative There is no match to the long term damage caused by oil companies in general, but they are not to blamed alone. It is the world’s insatiable thirst for oil from which these companies derive motivation to move forward with the plan. It is also a plausable excuse that if BP doesn’t enter a market other oil majors will, but its still worth a try on moral grounds. In order to extract oil cheaply political and military collaborations forged and put common public on the receieving end. The importance of controlling production assets has gained impetus recently as countries like Russia and Venezuela are using their oil exports as political tools and there might be a day when BP’s political lobbyists may ask for its favour. Therefore, considering its working practices, orgsnisation culture, business ethics, shifting priorities and ambiguous future strategies, it can be clearly seen that BP has not lived up to the expectations. 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